Oxford's main nanofabrication tool—a workhorse electron-beam lithography machine that runs nearly 24 hours a day, seven days a week—has broken down beyond repair, with downtime already exceeding five months. This machine is essential for creating the tiny patterns and structures that underpin roughly £50 million worth of EPSRC-funded research into energy-efficient AI hardware, photonic circuits, metamaterials, and nanofluidic diagnostics. Without a replacement, dozens of research groups lose the ability to fabricate devices at the nanoscale. The new tool will write patterns ten times faster, run unattended overnight, and handle larger wafers, making it relevant to industrial R&D. Alongside it, a 3D nanoprinting system will be added, creating the UK's only combined 2D and 3D nanofabrication capability. This will allow researchers to build hybrid photonic-electronic circuits—a frontier area for next-generation computer chips and energy-efficient accelerators. The impact is primarily on research infrastructure: keeping the UK competitive in nanoscience and ensuring that fundamental advances in materials and devices can continue to be made.
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Oxford's nanofabrication cleanroom (Fab@Oxford, https://fab.ox.ac.uk) hosts a suite of equipment supporting our large nanoscience community. It enables research developing new energy-efficient hardware for AI and Machine Learning; micro- and nano-devices/materials for photonics; experimental metamaterials; nanofluidic devices for ultrafast diagnostics; Micro- and Nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS and NEMS) for sensing and actuation; and more. As the number of users and their needs for more complex fabrication have expanded, we find that a large proportion of users require higher throughput and more reliable E-Beam lithography (EBL), as well as novel 3D nanoprinting capabilities to enable forefront research on interfaces between devices and systems. For the EBL, the present tool has reached the point where it is no longer serviceable resulting in down-time of over five months. It has no advanced features such as autofocusing and is restricted to acceleration voltages of >50 kV resulting in long writing times, exacerbating time pressures on the tool - presently running nearly 24x7. The manufacturer's service contract has failed to cover most recent repairs, as engineers are not trained on such an old instrument. Resolutions approaching 30nm or below have also become very challenging due to the age of the tool. Thus, it is imperative that this underpinning workhorse tool be urgently replaced with a new state-of-the-art EBL to secure the delivery of the current £50M EPSRC research portfolio and continue pushing the community's ability to develop cutting-edge materials and nanoengineering. Specifically, the new EBL will deliver: Scan speed of up to 100MHz, enhancing throughput. Auto calibration to achieve reliable, stable pattern writing for long periods of time. Timing of auto correction to be set for each field or each pattern to allow long period writing without an operator, for example at weekends. Potential to accommodate up to 300mmF wafer and up to 6-inch mask, thus increasing relevance to industrial R&D. In consultation with the wide user community, we have also identified a pressing unmet need in 3D nanopatterning, in particular for complex 3D hybrid circuits to power next generation computer chips, and energy efficient accelerators. A combined EBL alongside a nanoscribe 3D 2-photon system will allow users to build nanoscale parts in 2D (EBL) alongside 3D integration (nanoscribe) particularly for emerging photonic circuits in which Oxford is a world-leader. This suite would significantly increase the research capability available and would be the only such combined capability in the UK, bringing in a larger user base within the University, and elsewhere. Interfacing photonics with electronics is an area of frontier research, and such combined capability is essential to keep UK research at the forefront of this field. The overarching aims of this underpinning multi-user equipment grant is therefore to enhance the research capabilities and capacity of the Fab@Oxford facility which currently supports academics across the engineering and physical sciences ensuring that we maintain an enviable lead in all the areas that are currently underpinned by such infrastructure.
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