Active Digestion, Kidneys & Other Organs NIHR-supported project Brain & Nervous System

Should transglutaminase 6 antibody testing be adopted for diagnosing neurological problems due to gluten autoimmunity?

In plain English

AI plain-English summary

A simple blood test could identify coeliac disease patients whose brains are at risk of damage from gluten, before any neurological symptoms appear. The problem is that gluten sensitivity can cause brain damage that is often irreversible by the time it is noticed. While a new blood test—TG6 antibody testing—can flag patients at risk, it has only been studied in people who already have neurological problems. This leaves a gap: we do not know whether a positive TG6 test in a typical coeliac patient, diagnosed through a gastroenterology clinic with no obvious brain issues, predicts future neurological decline. This study would measure how many such patients carry TG6 antibodies, then track them over time to see if they develop cognitive or psychological problems. It would also repeat neuropsychological tests on neurology patients from an earlier study to chart their long-term progression, and use advanced brain MRI scans to visualise how TG6 affects brain structure. If TG6 testing proves predictive in this broader group, it could become a routine screening tool for coeliac patients—allowing early intervention with a gluten-free diet to prevent brain damage that would otherwise be permanent.

View original technical description
"Gluten sensitivity" refers to people who have an immune reaction after eating gluten, making anti-gluten antibodies in their blood which we can detect by blood testing. Coeliac disease is one kind of this. People with gluten sensitivity often have some level of damage to their brains. This can be relatively mild (but still worrisome), or may be much more serious. In all these cases going on a strict gluten free diet slows or stops entirely further brain deterioration. As the brain cannot recover well from existing damage this means it's very important to identify everyone who's gluten sensitivity means their brain is at risk so they can start treatment. TG6 testing is a new blood test that identifies if someone has TG6 antibodies in their blood (a gluten antibody). Research in neurology departments has so far strongly suggested that "having TG6" is a sign that a patient is at risk of brain damage from gluten. It is already implemented in routine medical care in Sheffield, but existing data is very focused on patients who already have neurological problems. We know much less about the importance of a positive TG6 test in a "typical" case of coeliac disease, i.e. someone diagnosed from the gastroenterology department without obvious neurological problems. In this study we would find the fraction of these patients who make TG6, and then run longitudinal tests to determine if a positive TG6 test is a sign that a patient is more likely to develop neurological/psychological problems. We would also repeat some neuropsychological tests on patients from the neurology department who have already taken part in a previous study (so that we can see how the patients progress over time). Finally, to better understand these overall conditions we would perform "advanced" brain MRI scans to see how the brain is affected by TG6.

Researchers

David Sanders (Principal Investigator)

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Original classification

Translational Neurosciences

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