A leaf’s final shape—whether smooth-edged, lobed, or serrated—emerges from thousands of cells growing and dividing in parallel, and no existing model captures how this process works across scales from molecules to the whole plant. This project tackles a fundamental gap in biology: how do molecular changes inside individual cells produce the coordinated, three-dimensional shapes of entire organs? Most studies focus on either genes or whole organisms, missing the intermediate steps where growth actually happens. The researchers will track leaf development at four scales simultaneously—subcellular, cellular, organ, and whole plant—using live 3D imaging, genetic manipulation, and computer modelling. The work is curiosity-driven fundamental science. If successful, it will produce a formal framework for understanding how parallel multiscale interactions generate complex biological forms. This could eventually inform efforts to engineer plant architecture for improved crop yields, or inspire new approaches in soft robotics and materials science that mimic biological growth. Past fundamental research on pattern formation in development, for example, led directly to advances in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Many complex systems, such as biological organisms, the internet or the economy, involve integrated parallel processes operating at many different scales. Organisms for example, exhibit massively parallel organisation, with units interacting at levels ranging from molecules to ecosystems. A key challenge is to understand how such parallel multiscale interactions work. In the case of biological systems, a major focus in recent years has been on the molecular to cellular scale. However, advances in developmental biology and imaging, in particular the ability to isolate and study genes affecting the development of organisms in 3D, raises the possibility of a systems approach at a larger scale, from the subcellular to organism levels. The key link between these scales is growth, as it is through growth that molecular changes lead to modifications in cell size, shape and division, eventually leading to production of multicellular tissues and organisms. Growing structures can be divided into those that reach a steady state, such as the growing tips of plants, and those in which shape continually changes, such as developing insect wings or plant leaves. The latter cases present the particular challenge of capturing multiple interactions as a structure undergoes changes in shape and size over several orders of magnitude. Studying this problem requires growth, shape, patterning and gene action to be analysed and integrated at many levels. Moreover formal languages and modelling frameworks need to be developed to allow the dynamics and interactions to be captured. By pursuing these approaches at many scales in parallel, key experimental and conceptual links should emerge that would not be evident from studying each scale in isolation. Recent advances in both experimental and computational science now make this feasible. The aim of this project is to provide a platform for such an approach by studying the mechanism by which leaves acquire their characteristic shapes and patterns. The project will involve a combination experimental analysis, image-processing, computer modelling and integration at four different scales. (1) At the subcellular level, we will track the way components of the cytoskeleton are synthesised and change in parallel over time in 3D. Models will then be constructed to account for this behaviour and tested through further rounds of experimentation. These models will also be related to cellular properties. (2) At the cellular level, the pattern of cell growth and division will be determined for multiple regions of a growing leaf by live 3D imaging. Computer languages will be developed for modelling this behaviour based on local interactions between growing cells. Models will be tested by modifying gene activity at particular places and times during leaf development. These models will also be related to properties at the whole organ level. (3) At the organ level, the growth of the leaf in 3D will be tracked using a variety of imaging methods. A modelling framework will be developed that allows the observed cellular and tissue properties to be integrated with gene action. Models will be tested by analysing how experimental manipulation of local gene activity modifies growth. This will be aided by developing a system for measuring the 3D shapes of a diverse collection of mutants that affect leaf shape at various stages of development. (4) At the whole plant level, leaf growth will be incorporated into a virtual plant in which local interactions between modules account for the dynamics of growth and architecture. By interfacing the various models, an integrated multiscale view of plant development should emerge. The project will also train a new cohort of scientists familiar with disciplines ranging from molecular genetics, developmental biology, bio-imaging, image-processing to computer modelling.
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