Friction in engineering contacts cannot currently be predicted, leaving designers to rely on empirical rules first set down by Amontons, Coulomb and Da Vinci. This programme grant tackles the gap between those simple laws and the enormous complexity of real friction, which involves chemical reactions, high-strain material deformation, soft biological tissues, and particle interactions happening across multiple length scales. The researchers argue that a single unified model is impossible because friction depends on the system, but that predicting friction in specific cases is achievable. If successful, the work could transform how engineers design moving parts in transport, manufacturing, medical devices, and process engineering — systems where unpredictable friction currently causes energy loss, wear, and failure. The project is fundamental science: it aims to build accurate experimental and numerical simulations of friction rather than deliver an immediate product. Deeper understanding of how surfaces behave under real contact conditions could eventually lead to more efficient, longer-lasting machinery and devices that quietly underpin modern life.
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Friction plays a central role in life; in transport, in manufacturing, in process engineering, in medical devices and in everyday human activities. Friction has commanded the attention of Amontons, Coulomb and Da Vinci and their simplistic, empirical laws have been the cornerstone of friction theory. At the conceptual and theoretical levels the vast modern day friction literature has revealed the enormous complexity of even the simplest processes and the limitations of the early friction laws. Friction is intimately linked to both adhesion, contact geometry and wear and all require an appreciation of the highly non-equilibrium and non-linear processes occurring over multiple length scales. The challenge presented is that friction in realistic engineering contacts cannot be predicted. Understanding the physical and chemical processes at contacting interfaces is the only route to cracking the tribological enigma. The research gap addressed in this Programme Grant is linked to the development of accurate experimental and numerical simulations of friction. We appreciate that the search for a unified model for friction prediction is futile because friction is system dependent. However, the goal to predict friction is achievable. We have identified 4 key areas where there are current challenges in understanding the origins of friction because of different complexities as outlined below: - Reactive surfaces; in many systems the frictional contact brings about chemical reactions that can only be described by non-equilibrium thermodynamics. We need accurate kinetic rate data for reactions which can only be provided by advanced in-situ chemical analysis - Extreme interfaces; these can be described as any interfaces that are inducing high strain rate material deformation and combined with electrochemical or chemical reactions. Simulation and sensing are key to improving the understanding. - Non-linear materials; in engineering and in biological systems we see the evolution of "soft" materials for tribological applications. Predicting friction in these systems relies on understanding the rheology/tribology interactions. - Particles and 2nd phase materials; for materials processing or for understanding the transport of wear particles in a contact we need to understand particle-particle friction in complex contact conditions where fracture/deformation are occurring.
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