Most factory robots are bolted to the floor and programmed for a single task, making them useless for companies that need to switch products quickly. This project aims to turn industrial robots into a flexible, on-demand service—like a cloud subscription for hardware. The problem is that current automation works only for high-volume, predictable production. Smaller manufacturers or those in volatile markets are stuck with expensive manual labour or offshoring. The research will develop mobile robots and autonomous platforms that can be rapidly deployed, repurposed, and work alongside human teams without costly re-engineering. If successful, the Industrial Robots-as-a-Service (IRaaS) model would let manufacturers rent robotic capacity by the job, swapping out malfunctioning units instantly and avoiding huge upfront capital costs. This would make UK supply chains more resilient to sudden shocks—a broken robot is simply replaced, not a production-line crisis. Environmentally, it enables repair and reuse of robotic equipment, cutting the waste of scrapping single-purpose automation. The human workforce gains tools that adapt to their decisions, not the other way around.
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Current automation is reliant on large volume applications, with predictable market demands and stable product variants. For companies in emerging and global markets, it is difficult to adopt automation and remain responsive to market changes; as a result companies that need to be responsive are forced to adopt more expensive manual approaches, or rely on off-shore manufacturing in lower wage economies. To address this, UK manufacturing needs more responsive automation. This project will investigate means to reduce the effort of deploying and repurposing generic off-the-shelf robots and mobile autonomous platforms, and provide them with the ability to work in teams with people and other robots. This will provide the foundation to use Industrial Robots-as-a-Service (IRaaS). The IRaaS model will allow manufacturers to quickly respond to meet the demands of changing markets, dynamically organise work to maximise their productivity, and be less exposed to any sudden shocks and system failures. This will augment the capability of the skilled human workforce who will be enabled by automation that is responsive to human-defined production needs. The IRaaS model will also bring the key benefits inherent to product service systems. From a reliability perspective, the system will be resilient as malfunctioning robots can easily be replaced; from a financial perspective, the model will remove the need for large capital investment by enabling subscription based services; and from an environmental perspective, it will enable sustainable manufacturing concepts such as repair, re-use and re-manufacture, eliminating the waste and cost of decommissioning monolithic automation equipment.
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