Chromosome rearrangements in Antelopes: how do they form and what impact do they have in generating biodiversity?

Our international team is tackling a fundamental question in evolutionary biology: how do changes in chromosome structure influence species formation and survival? By combining expertise in genomics, cytogenetics, and bioinformatics, we aim to uncover the molecular mechanisms driving Robertsonian translocations (Rbs)—a type of chromosome fusion that may play a crucial role in species divergence. African antelopes, which display extraordinary variation in chromosome numbers (ranging from 30 to 60), provide a unique model to investigate whether these structural changes create reproductive barriers or if they accumulate without major evolutionary consequences. This funding supports the first phase of our project, where we will investigate why certain chromosomes are more likely to fuse. Using high-resolution genome mapping and bioinformatics, we will analyse their nuclear positioning, sequence composition, and the role of repetitive DNA. These insights will form the foundation for two future research phases: first, studying how Rbs influence genetic differentiation within populations and, later, assessing their effects on fertility and genetic stability in hybrids. By uniting different approaches, we will gain a comprehensive understanding of how chromosome rearrangements shape biodiversity. Each member of our team brings a unique perspective to this challenge. Dr Farré (UK) is an expert in genome evolution and computational biology, applying advanced sequencing techniques to study chromosome structures in antelopes. Prof Chaves (Portugal) specialises in cytogenetics, analysing chromosome behaviour and evolution. Prof Suh (Germany) focuses on repetitive DNA, which may hold the key to understanding why Rbs form. By integrating these disciplines, we can address this question in a way that no single approach could achieve alone. Beyond its scientific significance, our work has direct applications in conservation. Many antelope species are endangered or exist in fragmented populations, where chromosomal variation could impact their long-term survival. If Rbs influence fertility or genetic diversity, conservation strategies will need to account for these factors when designing breeding programmes or reintroducing populations into the wild. By shedding light on how structural changes in the genome affect population viability, our research could help inform conservation efforts for antelopes and potentially other vertebrates facing similar challenges. This collaboration not only strengthens international research networks and fosters interdisciplinary training for early-career scientists but also has the potential to transform our understanding of genome evolution. By integrating cutting-edge genomic techniques with evolutionary and conservation science, we will provide vital insights into how chromosome rearrangements shape biodiversity. Our findings could directly inform conservation strategies for endangered species, ensuring that genetic stability is considered in efforts to protect wildlife. In doing so, we advance NERC’s mission to enhance knowledge of biodiversity and ecosystem resilience while addressing one of the most enduring questions in evolutionary biology.