The UK is building a 1,000-kilometre-plus experimental fibre-optic network that researchers can reconfigure remotely, giving them direct control over the physical layer of the internet. Today’s internet relies on fixed optical hardware that treats the fibre as a passive pipe. Researchers cannot easily test new ways of encoding data—such as quantum signals—or dynamically reroute traffic at the light level without rebuilding the entire network. The National Dark Fibre Facility (NDFF) solves this by providing a dedicated, flexible testbed where universities and industry partners can control amplifiers, switches, and spectrum-splitting equipment as if they owned the physical cables. If successful, NDFF will allow the UK to prototype future networks with optimised latency, energy use, or security before they are deployed commercially. It will enable experiments in quantum communications, software-defined networking, and distributed cloud-fog computing that are impossible on today’s infrastructure. The facility also supports testing of network resilience and security across all seven layers of the communications stack—something no other UK network can do. This is fundamental infrastructure research: it does not deliver a product, but it gives researchers the tools to invent the internet’s next generation.
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The National Dark Fibre Facility (NDFF) will provide the UK National Research Facility for dark fibre network research. A dark fibre network is a communications network, where it is possible to access and control the network at the optical layer, Layer1 (physical layer) in the seven layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model of communications networks which underpins the internet. NDFF will provide a fully remotely configurable, flexible and high capacity research facility, building upon the success of the National Dark Fibre Infrastructure Service (NDFIS) and existing NDFF dark fibre networks (2013-2025). This will allow UK universities and their industrial collaborators to develop and demonstrate future networks which require access to or control of the optical layer (OSI Layer1). NDFF will comprise: 1. A dark fibre network of scale sufficient for experiments representative of real-world applications (> 1,000 km). Users will be able to connect their equipment directly to the installed fibres and control the optical layer, allowing experiments on new techniques, such as quantum encoded data, adaptive spectrum slicing and Software Defined Networks (SDN). 2. User experiment areas at multiple access nodes to interface directly with NDFF dark fibre. Interconnection for traffic generation and experiment control will also be possible UK-wide at Layer2 through services such as Janet Netpath and the recently funded JOINER infrastructure. 3. Remotely programmable amplifiers, switches and dispersion compensation modules which will enable the transmission characteristics of the network to be varied and will allow dynamic configuration of the network topology by users. 4. Flexgrid Wavelength Selective Switches (WSS) to split optical channels into separate optical fibres (or merge them into one fibre, enabling research on new utilisation models for the optical spectrum, increasing available logical topologies and allowing concurrent experiments using different optical wavelengths. 5. An integrated mesh connected metro-network to enable experiments with linked network topologies. 6. Interconnection with the JOINER Layer2 network, enabling research into dynamic and intelligent network management with an SDN and Network Function Virtualisation (NFV) research platform for UK researchers, enabling them to upload network policies directly, monitoring and manipulating the optical properties of the network. UK researchers will be able to develop and test networks having optimised latency, traffic grooming, energy consumption or security properties. 7. A distributed processing infrastructure by linking sites that host servers, storage, memory and sensing. This will provide opportunities to study distributed Cloud and Fog infrastructures connected by high capacity reconfigurable optical networks. It will also provide nerve nodes that can perform network analytics offering users a new level of network programmability and adaptation. 8. The ability to test concepts in network security and resilience across all seven OSI model layers, something that is impossible with other networks. This is of particular importance as networks are starting to introduce software control and flexibility at Layer1, creating new security and resilience challenges for network control. 9. Training using dedicated research and technician support. Administration, user interface and dissemination will be the responsibility of a dedicated facility manager. In order to achieve the full potential of the facility, it is crucial to engage with the UK research community and promote the service. NDFF will engage in UK and international meetings and will bring together users at an annual user day. Web-based interfaces with users and potential users will be further developed.
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