Quantum-enhanced sensing with atoms and molecules

Our project aims to develop "generation after next" quantum sensor arrays that surpass the standard quantum limit (SQL), a fundamental barrier in classical sensing. These “type-2” quantum sensors will deliver unprecedented sensitivity and precision, driving forward the quantum missions of both the UK and Canada. By leveraging quantum entanglement and other advanced quantum resources, these sensors will unlock new, practical applications across key industries and government sectors. For example, the enhanced sensitivity of these sensors could revolutionise medical diagnostics by enabling the early detection of diseases through the identification of anomalous cells in blood samples. In the defence sector, they will improve the detection of submarines beneath ice sheets and enhance magnetic navigation in GPS-denied environments. In mining, they will assist in identifying minerals within rocks and conducting geodesy surveys. To achieve these ambitious goals, we will develop atomic and molecular quantum sensors that exploit the quantum properties of matter cooled to near absolute zero. The intrinsic properties of these sensors, derived from fundamental constants, ensure uniformity and eliminate manufacturing flaws. This results in reliable and accurate measurements that are traceable to the International System of Units, minimising the need for external calibration. While current atomic sensors have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in measuring gravity, time, and magnetic fields, they are often constrained by the SQL. This limitation is particularly critical in scenarios that demand extreme precision or rapid, sensitive measurements. Our approach involves the bottom-up assembly of systems composed of thousands of individual atoms and molecules trapped in laser-generated potentials. This technique allows for precise manipulation and imaging of individual particles. The ability to control these particles at such a fine level, combined with strong interactions among them, enables the creation of large entangled states—crucial for surpassing the SQL. The resulting quantum sensors will be capable of imaging electric and magnetic fields with sub-micron resolution and quantum-enhanced sensitivity. We have defined three key objectives to realise our vision: Enhance capabilities for single-particle control in micron-scale arrays of quantum sensors. Develop methods to image electromagnetic fields using sensor arrays composed of individual atoms, Rydberg atoms, and molecules. Explore and implement protocols to create type-2 quantum sensors that achieve improved sensitivity and metrological advantages over current sensors. Achieving these objectives will significantly advance the state-of-the-art in quantum control and sensing, leading to transformative outcomes for both fundamental science and practical applications. In fundamental physics, our work will push the boundaries of quantum metrology in the terahertz regime and enhance searches for phenomena beyond the Standard Model using molecules. In applied science, our advanced sensors will enable the sensitive detection of electromagnetic fields with sub-micron resolution, thereby improving medical diagnostics and supporting defence applications. In the broader context, this project will contribute to creating a skilled transatlantic quantum workforce, strengthening the alliance between the UK and Canada, and positioning both nations at the forefront of the quantum technology revolution.